List of Core Programming Concepts

Variables and Data Types

• Declaring and using variables
• Primitive data types (e.g., integers, floating-point numbers, booleans)
• Strings and characters
• Arrays and collections

Control Structures

• Conditional statements (e.g., if-else, switch)
• Loops (e.g., for, while, do-while)
• Break and continue statements

Functions and Methods

• Defining and calling functions
• Parameters and return values
• Function overloading
• Recursion

Object-Oriented Programming OOP

• Classes and objects
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Encapsulation
• Abstraction

Exception Handling

• Handling and throwing exceptions
• Try-catch blocks
• Finally block
• Custom exception classes

Input and Output I/O

• Reading and writing data to/from files
• User input and output (e.g., console, command line)

Data Structures

• Arrays
• Linked Lists
• Stacks
• Queues
• Trees
• Graphs

Algorithms

• Searching (e.g., linear search, binary search)
• Sorting (e.g., bubble sort, insertion sort, quicksort)
• Recursion
• Dynamic programming
• Graph algorithms (e.g., DFS, BFS)

Memory Management

• Stack and heap memory
• Memory allocation and de-allocation
• Garbage collection (in managed languages)

File Handling

• Opening, reading, and writing files
• File streams and buffers
• Error handling and resource cleanup

Concurrency and Multithreading

• Thread creation and synchronization
• Race conditions and deadlocks
• Parallel programming concepts

Debugging and Testing

• Debugging techniques and tools
• Unit testing and test-driven development (TDD)
• Test frameworks and assertions

Networking and Internet

• Understanding client-server architecture
• Working with HTTP requests and responses
• Socket programming
• APIs and web services

Database Management

• Relational databases (e.g., SQL)
• CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete)
• Database design and normalization
• Connecting and querying databases

Software Development Life Cycle SDLC

• Requirements gathering and analysis
• Design and architecture
• Implementation and coding
• Testing and quality assurance
• Deployment and maintenance

Version Control Systems

• Git and its commands (e.g., commit, branch, merge)
• Collaborative development using version control
• Branching strategies (e.g., feature branches, release branches)
• Resolving merge conflicts

Security

• Common security vulnerabilities (e.g., SQL injection, cross-site scripting)
• Authentication and authorization
• Encryption and hashing
• Secure coding practices

Performance Optimization

• Identifying bottlenecks and performance issues
• Profiling and benchmarking
• Algorithmic complexity analysis (Big O notation)
• Optimizing code and data structures

Software Design Patterns

• Creational patterns (e.g., Singleton, Factory, Builder)
• Structural patterns (e.g., Adapter, Decorator, Proxy)
• Behavioral patterns (e.g., Observer, Strategy, Template Method)
• Architectural patterns (e.g., Model-View-Controller, Repository)

User Interface UI and User Experience UX Design

• Design principles and best practices
• Layouts and components
• User interaction and feedback
• Usability testing and user research